N5E06 Construction Information Assignment (Drawing, Detailing, Specification) - Unit 6
Introduction
The purpose of the assessment is to focus on the building construction. The construction information is rendered in order to set the general arrangement drawings. The bill of quantities is provided in the assessment in order to give a better understanding of the required material and its quantity for the construction of the residential building.
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Unit Learning Outcomes:
1: Evaluate different types of construction information in the context of diverse project types.
2: Develop construction drawings, details, schedules and specifications in support of a given construction project.
Q1. List and discuss the type of construction drawings which should be included in the proposed project. You may also explain the purposes of these drawings.
Answer - Discussions the type of construction drawings
At the time of starting any construction project, the most important thing that the constructors are required to go through is the construction drawing. There are several types of construction drawings and they are used for different purposes. In this section, a discussion regarding different types of construction drawings is going to be illustrated. In addition, the significance of using these types of drawings in the considered construction project is going to be discussed here.
Through construction drawings, it becomes possible for the contractors to measure all of the parts of a building. The drawings are modified, justified, and finally approved before the construction related works start. In the below passages, the different types of construction drawings are listed.
Architectural Drawing
This type of construction drawing has the ability to provide a complete view of a building. Through this kind of drawings, it is possible to demonstrate the location of the building, all of the parts of the building, and the place where the parts will be placed. It is possible to find out several types of Architecture Drawing, such as plan, section, elevation, and others. In the proposed project, the importance of using this drawing is of the paramount level as it will make it easier for the builders and investors to understand how the building will look like after the accomplishment of the construction related work.
Structural Drawing
From the name of this kind of construction drawing, it becomes easier to understand that this kind of drawings is effective to provide information regarding the construction structure. For instance, through this kind of drawings, it is possible to understand the strength of several structural elements, grade size, structural material, placement and size of the reinforcement. This kind of drawing is also required to be used in the proposed project as it will be easier for the builder to accomplish all of the construction related works easily by following this drawing.
Electrical Drawing
This kind of drawings is effective to provide information regarding the electrical wiring, sub-station, and fixtures. In the drawings, the calculation regarding the electrical load is also given. In the considered situation, a small size building in Hong Kong is going to be built. It is a bit easy to understand that when constructing it, it is highly important to pay attention to it electrial wiring related needs, and here the importance of using this kind of drawing comes.
Plumbing and Sanitary Drawing
From this kind of drawings, the location of the sanitary can be understood. This kind of drawings highlights the piping for the water supply system. In the proposed case, this drawing is required to be used as it will help the builders to understand where they are required to leave space for sanitary related construction (Eastman, 2018).
Finishing Drawing
From this kind of drawing, it is possible to understand the details regarding the finishing of a constructional project. It is required to be used here as it will help the person who is investing in the project to understand the appearance of the building.
Q2. Apart from the construction drawings, describe other different types of construction information and their uses.
Compare different types of construction information to identify their suitability in the construction process.
Justify the use of Bill of Quantities and Schedule of Works.
Answer - Different types of construction information and the utilization of them
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Construction specification related information
Construction specification related information includes everything that is required to be considered in order to accomplish a construction project successfully. From this information, it is possible to acquire knowledge regarding floor plan, site plan, section, doors and windows, and elevations. In addition, this information helps the builder to understand what kind of building material they are required to use when accomplishing the construction related work. This information provides the constructors with an idea regarding the installation process, scope and quality of the work, and several other things. The specs that have been discussed between the project investor and the contractor is required to be a legal document for this project.
Construction specification is created by the architects and designers. This process also involves project engineer in order to take technical help. In the specifications are met properly, and then it is for sure that the construction project will be accomplished in the best possible manner.
Prescriptive specification related information
This kind of specification pays attention to the materials that are required to be used in order to construct the building properly. In comparison to other specifications, this kind of specification provides a better image regarding the appearance of the final product. The information related to the prescriptive specs can be divided into three parts. These three parts are general, products, and executions. General holds the information related to national quality standards, design requirements, product handling, and quality control. The products specification provides information regarding the products required for accomplishing each construction related task and the performance quality of these materials. The execution specification provides information regarding the way of preparing materials and making the installation of them.
Performance specification related information
Performance specification related information provides an idea regarding the operation needs of a construction project. In this specification, any information related to the process of finishing the job is not provided. Here, the designers and architects provide information regarding the working process of the final product (Myers, 2016).
Comparison of different types of construction information
In order to set the floor, elevator, site, doors, and windows in the proper manner, going through all of the pieces of information which are highlighted in the above passages is important. However, there are some differences between these pieces of construction related information. In this section, these differences are going to be highlighted.
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Differences
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Construction specification related information
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Prescriptive specification related information
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Performance specification related information
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Kind of information that it includes
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It holds information regarding everything related to the construction project. It holds material related information, installation process related information, and guide the builders to choose the right materials for the accomplishment of the project.
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It holds information regarding the types of materials that are required to be used in the construction project. In addition, it holds information regarding the installation process of the materials.
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It provides information regarding the operational process.
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Uses
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From this information, everything related to the project can be known.
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From this kind of information, builders become able to find out the types of materials that they will use in order to accomplish the project. In addition, they become able to understand how they will be able to make the installation of these products (Myers, 2016).
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It helps the architects and the designers to understand how the final product will work.
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Justification of the use of Bill of quantities and Schedule of works
Use of Bill of Quantities
The utilization of the Bill of Quantities in the proposed project will enable all contractors tendering for the price. In addition, Bill of quantities is used for post-tender work as well. For material scheduling, construction planning, cost planning and analysis, Bill of Quantities can be used.
Use of Schedule of Work
The utilization of the schedule of work will help the contractors as well as the subcontractors to get a clear idea regarding the project accomplishment process. When they will get a clear idea regarding this matter, they will be able to accomplish their task in an easy and error free manner.
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Q3. Develop a set of the following:
a) General arrangement drawings (including site plan, floor plans, sections and elevations).
b) Door or windows construction details drawings.
c) Door or windows schedules.
Answer - Developing a set
a) General arrangement drawings
General arrangement drawing presents the composition of the building.
Site Plan: This kind of drawings present the overall composition of the objects related to the site plan. By considering the complexity of the site, the general arrangement drawings of the site plan require several types of projections.
Floor Plan: It is a scaled diagram and help individuals in designing furniture layouts, and wiring system.
Sections: General arrangement drawing highlights the sections of a building as well. It helps the designers as well as the contractors to understand where the sections will be used. It will make the process of developing a building easier.
Elevations: It means the height of the building as well as the distance of the building with beside buildings. The general arrangement drawing is developed by considering this factor.
b) Door or windows construction drawing details
The door and window construction drawing has been developed by considering the size and height of the doors and the windows. These drawings have been drawn also by considering the quality of the doors and the windows as for different quality items, the projections of the drawings have been changed. Here the drawings of the door construction as well as the window construction are going to be attached.
c) Door or windows schedule
Door schedule
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Specification of the doors
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Size
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Type
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Door of the 1st room
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Length: 2100
Breadth: 1400
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Paint finish
Wooden frames
Flush bolts and door closer are attached
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Door of the second room
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Length: 2200
Breadth: 1200
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Paint finish
Wooden frames
Flush bolts and door closer are attached
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Door of the 3rd room
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Length: 2400
Breadth: 1400
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Paint finish
Wooden frames
Flush bolts and door closer are attached
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Window Schedule
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Specification of the windows
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Size
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Type
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Window of the 1st room
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Length: 1400
Breadth: 1600
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Paint finish
Steel frames
Flush bolts and window closer are attached
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Window of the second room
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Length: 1200
Breadth: 1400
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Paint finish
Steel frames
Flush bolts and Window closer are attached
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Q4. Produce an outline content of bill of quantities for the proposed project. Compose a schedule of works for the proposed project.
Answer - Content of the bill of quantities
The bill of quantity is sanctioned on the basis of every sub-operations of the residential building construction. The bill of quantities are as follows:
Demobilization and mobilization
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Shed, equipment, the supply site including the moveable's for contractor and supervision
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Lump Sum
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20
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1000
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20000
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2
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Road access materials
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Lump Sum
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5
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100
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500
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3
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Transport and Communication support for the architect team also for the guidance engineers.
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Lump Sum
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6
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50200
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300
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4
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Equipment for cleaning the actual site of the construction, considering the removal of all rubble from carpets, stairs, house.
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Lump Sum
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6
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500
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3000
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5
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Equipment in order to dismantle also eliminates all departments, services, movables, shed including any equipment associated with the residential building.
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Lump Sum
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9
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100
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900
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Total
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24700
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Earth works
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Ground beam level concerning the importing granular sand, leveling also backfilling
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Lump Sum
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5
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600
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3000
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Total
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|
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3000
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Concrete works
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Cast and supply ready-mix cement for the base slab 7 cm deep, including polythene films beneath the piece. Including compacting the base underneath the cutting (Akarsh and Manikandan, 2016).
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Lump Sum
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5
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60
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300
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2
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Concrete mix for staircase constriction
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Lump Sum
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8
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100
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800
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3
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Concrete mix for sills, parapet beams, inverted beams
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Lump Sum
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9
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100
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900
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4
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Concrete mix for the stub columns
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Lump Sum
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8
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500
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4000
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5
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Cast and supply prepared concrete mix for landings, steps hand rails etc (Bronner and Reikersdorfer, 2016).
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Lump Sum
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7
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100
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700
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6
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Concrete mix concerning external decorations
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Lump Sum
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2
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1000
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2000
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Total
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8700
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Building works
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Supply and build cement block concerning the external walls and the parapet of the building (Boton and Forgues, 2017).
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Lump Sum
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6
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100
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600
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2
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Same for internal walls
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Lump Sum
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8
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100
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800
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3
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Same concerning the staircase elevation
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Lump Sum
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7
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100
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700
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Total
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|
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2100
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Plastering
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Internal plastering materials concerning the soffits and ceiling. Finishing coat along with cement, lime, sand mortar
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Lump Sum
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5
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100
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500
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2
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Internal plastering materials for windows and internal walls
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Lump Sum
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8
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100
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800
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3
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External plastering materials along cement sand and undercoat lime
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Lump Sum
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10
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200
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2000
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4
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Finishing coat including cement, lime and sand
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Lump Sum
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80
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500
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4000
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Total
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|
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7300
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Tiling
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Mosaic tiles 25x25x2.5
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Lump Sum
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80
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50
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400
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2
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Mosaic tiles 33x33x0.60
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Lump Sum
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90
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100
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9000
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3
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Mosaic tiles 25x40x0.60
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Lump Sum
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80
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500
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40000
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4
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Precast mosaic reinforced wall tiles
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Lump Sum
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20
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500
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1000
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Total
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|
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50400
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Painting
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Item no
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Description
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Unit
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Quantity
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Unit rate
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Total amount
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1
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Primer for internal walls
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Lump Sum
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30
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100
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3000
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2
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Colored primer for painting the wall
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Lump Sum
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50
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500
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25000
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3
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Peddle primer
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Lump Sum
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10
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1000
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10000
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4
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Colored emulsion
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Lump Sum
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5
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400
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2000
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Total
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|
|
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40000
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Composition of a schedule of works
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Schedule work
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Time
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Designing the project
After the appropriation of the building land, the work will begin. It can be required to produce feasibility research to commence the production on the design. The feasibility research can be a document that presents the knowledge from that it can be inferred the efficiency (or inexpediency) concerning the construction of the project. The probability study comprises a summary of the prices and advantages in the construction of the residential building (Chmutina and Rose, 2018).
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2/6/2019
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Expertise and the approval of the project
Project expertise can be addressed as one of the central stages produced by construction objective certainty. In the area of the expertise, professionals reveal project mistakes and disagreements with town-planning records, scoping reports and legal obligations
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2/7/2019
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The preparation of the construction site
Site preparation can be at a required level. Previous preliminary works can be performed to generate favorable circumstances for the building work to begin. The construction site can be shielded along with substantial protective protector rails. The temporary rail sections are performed with a profiled film practicing a polymer blue coating (Vaglica, 2018).
The central type of fortification in the development of the residential building is the foundation of pit cleaning. The excavation involves trenching for information. At that stage, specialized devices, such as excavators also bulldozers are utilized.
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5/9/2019
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Building layout
The pile support construction is conceived in the design. The foundation includes driven collections with division 250x250 mm also consistent reinforced monolithic grillage plate with 700 mm diameter on the 120 mm cement compound
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5/11/2019
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Excavation process
At this step, the contract industry participation is expressed between the architect and the consumer. According to that agreement, the customer spends in the concerned residential building construction, the developer later construction surrenders to the customer the building. The basic structure construction efficiency can be the work's collection. Part of that correlates to the introductory period operates, and the next part is shipped out through the development of the construction
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2/1/2020
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Foundation process
Precast solid construction can be one of the various advanced technologies employed in the development of residential building and constructions. The monolithic production process is the development of different elements from mixtures comprising concrete and particular formwork. Formwork can be a special composition with a specific form for cement laying
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3/6/2020
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Legal issue
The development of the above-base parts also the construction materials' equipment is offered out. The highest stopping hook crane length is restricted from the foundation stage of the lift vertically.
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6/10/2020
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Structuring the concrete of aerial part
The security range from the carried cargo seat to the numerous protruding structure or structure components in upward are greater than 0.6 m, and to basements and fields, where somebody might be higher than 2.4 m
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9/3/2021
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Load lifting mechanism
Masonry can be a construction, consisting of masses placed on the basin in a particular order. Workmanship supports measurements of self-weight also other structural components, leaning on the workmanship and loads connected to the components.
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6/9/2021
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Roof and cover building
Profiled steel decking can be addressed as the covered steel decoration with extra anti-corrosion sheet steel layers. The width is from 0.7 to 0.9 mm, the distance is from 5.5 to 8.8 m including the amplitude are of 0.7m.
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8/12/2021
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Interior decoration process
Internal decoration compositions are transferred out behind the wall coverings and ceilings approval by the client with subcontractors delegates' participation included in design works. Plastering also cladding (project) coverings in the outcomes' sanitary methods installation should be completed before the foundation. The interior cladding components are solidified toward a cement-sandy caldron. Stucco and smooth concrete surface with characteristics that do not surpass 2.5 mm are finished on mastics including glues.
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6/5/2022
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Territory accomplishment
The project presents territory development and landscaping inside the limits of the development site. Tracks can be formed of asphalt, sidewalks can be made with cement slabs covering.
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9/5/2023
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Unit Learning Outcomes:
3: Interpret different types of construction information in order to explain a construction project.
4: Assess ways in which construction professionals collaborate in the production of construction information.
Q5. Produce and relate specifications to the door/window drawings and schedules in Attachment A.
Answer - Association of specifications to the window and door drawing
The application of support in synthetics windows and door collections shall agree to the characters in British Plastics Federation statement.
Reinforcement must remain non-hygroscopic furthermore should produce no adverse influence on the appearance of the window or door. Wherever metal support is used it will be produced from one of the next metals:
Soft steel layer, hot-dip zinc covered. This kind of support will only be practiced in outlines or systems produced and sealed no exterior condensation into connection with the support, or Mild steel divisions that are consequently supplied a corrosion immune coating in sequence to adapt to the elements (Kurzak, 2019). This sort of coating will only be practiced in outlines or arrangements produced and sealed in order to keep the exterior moisture out of the contact along with the coating. Anywhere window frames can be thermally enhanced by the addition of an insulating block or covering, the insulating element should be constant under the requirements of military, such under wind also dead loads including inside the likely outside temperature area of the structures. The thermal block or cladding policy should be adequately robust to endure tests taken out. When the finished window is questioned, there shall remain no degeneration regarding the sealing either the operational capacity of the window and doors resulted by the collapse of sealing elements. Elements should be capable to resist stresses throughout construction, transport, establishment and maintenance of the doors and window.
Metallic substances utilized for bearing materials and tools shall possess at least the comparable corrosion protection when controlled to an indeterminate salt spray experiment. For conditions in very contaminated localities of the concerned position such as these subject to sequences of technical and marginal pollution should be minimized (Jerzak, 2017).
These hardware requirements pertain to both mineral and non-metallic elements. Anywhere non-metallic ingredients are combined, the substance and designation for those should be decided in accordance with the commanded purpose.
Q6. Draft a memo to your employer to explain what circumstances may occur construction information "clashes" and what you recommend to avoid these happen.
Prepare a query sheet to the Architect to identify the errors, missing information and discrepancies of construction drawings and details in Attachment.
Propose corrections to construction drawings and specifications using industry standard forms of notation.
Answer - Draft Memo regarding clashes and recommendations
Memo
To: The Employer
From: Civil Engineer
Date: June 22, 2019
According to the building information modeling (BIM), there is a series of models which play a vital role for identifying the various data and information that are related with the build asset. As it has been identified that there are various significant issues which are mainly focusing on various aspects on the concerned project. There is a chance of the clash avoidance and clash detection which have been carried for improving the entire design of the construction process. Establishing the BIM strategy plays an important role for identifying the circumstances of the construction phase. Some of the major circumstances including selection of site for route the pipe work, running through a steel beam and hard clash by various components of the buildings. Therefore, it has been identified that the employer of the organization would focus on significant strategies in order to reduce the chances of building clashes.
Some of the major recommendations that have been identified are as follows:
Improving the contract documents
It is required for the employer of the construction business to improve the documents of the contracts in which the significant disciplines of the BIM data and information have been identified.
Awaring about the building information
Awaring about the building information in an effective way to reduce the chances of building collapse and building clashes. Therefore implementation of BIM modeling is necessary for improve the structure of the building.
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Identification of errors
Query Sheet
Job title: Residential building in Kowloon
Q/s no.: 002365
To: Architect
Attn: Employer
From: Civil engineer
Page no: 36
Date: June 22, 2019
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Queries
1. What is the size of the door?
2. What is the size of the internal windows?
3. What is the size of the rooms?
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Assumptions
500mm x 1000mm
12 mm thick
Missing
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Remarks
It has been identified that there are various missing information as related to the construction project. Therefore, the civil engineer of the concerned project has been recommended to the architect for providing detailed information in which the significant discrepancies of the construction drawings are identified. Therefore the Civil engineer of the concerned project has been ordered to prepare a correction proposal in which the construction drawings and specifications as per the industry standard have been identified.
Correction Proposal
In the following proposal the modified description of building specifications and industry standard forms are going to be illustrated.
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Description
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Size
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Rectangular radius elbow
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5.4mm
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Rectangular transition
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6.5mm
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Rectangular metal duct
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2.1mm
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Plenum take off
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6.4mm
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Duct system for windows
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5.6mm
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PEX tubing Col 500
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2.0mm
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PEX tubing Col 1000
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4.0mm
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Staples
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1.5mm
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Manifold plastic
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6.5mm
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Manifold module
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8mm
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Automatic air vent
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2.5mm
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Manifold corrector
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6mm
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Electronic thermostat
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4.2mm
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Plastic tube
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3.4mm
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There are various requirements which are above mentioned in order to customize the proposal documents. It is required for the Civil engineer of the project to follow the requirements for managing the concerned project.
Q7. Describe the roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in production of different types of information in a construction project.
Answer - Roles and responsibilities of the parties who are involved in a construction project
In the following sections of the study, the various roles and responsibilities of architect, civil engineer and the employees who are involved with the construction project. The roles and responsibilities are as follows:
Architect
Role
Architect is the artistic and functional mind for designing the structures of the construction project. The main role of the architect is to draw the various construction plans in which the detailed construction of the project has been identified. The major needs of the clients have been fulfilled by the meeting with architects. Architect plays a vital role for producing more creativity and artistic elements in which the building specifications can be properly managed. One of the major roles of the architect of the construction project is to satisfy the client and the civil engineer of the project (Fewings and Henjewele, 2019).
Responsibilities
There are various responsibilities of the architect of the concerned construction project which include keeping the significant records of various contracts and the detailed information of the project. The cost and budget details have been recorded by the architect in which the daily progress has been influenced. The architects are responsible for managing the effective communication with the civil engineer regarding various technical issues. The details of the design and implementation have been properly managed by the architect of the construction project (Owusu et al. 2019).
Civil engineer
Role
Civil engineer in the construction project ensures the client by providing an effective drawing of the floor plan. There are various aspects in which the civil engineers can manage the structure of the building in an effective way. This detailed structure has been approved by the civil engineer of the construction project. One of the major roles of the civil engineer is to provide a detailed layout and keeping the needs of the clients. The significant report has been authorized by the civil engineer very carefully in whom the detailed budget and cost structure have been illustrated (Deng et al. 2018).
Responsibilities
Some of the major responsibilities of the civil engineer in the construction project is to complete the tendering process in an effective way. The civil engineer is responsible for supervising the tendering process in which the safety measures have been properly managed. One of the vital responsibilities of the civil engineer is to monitor the staff in an effective way which can ensure the organizational skills. The raw materials that are required to complete the project are properly managed by the civil engineer in the construction project.
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Workers who are involved with the construction project
Role
Workers in the construction project are mainly working under the contract supervisor. Plumbers, electricians, painters, decorators and laborers all are involved with the construction project. It has been identified that there type of workers plays a vital role for carrying out the project within a specific time period (Choudhry, 2019).
Responsibilities
The responsibilities of the workers in the construction projects are included maintaining the healthy and safety rules and always follow the rules and procedures that are involved with the construction site. The workers are responsible for reporting the significant risks in which have a negative impact on the health and safety. The principal contractor of the construction project has been reported by the workers (Gunduz and Yahya, 2018).
Q8. Describe how design and construction are sequenced in terms of producing construction information. Learner should examine the relationship between different bodies of information and how they work in conjunction.
Compare the roles of CAD and BIM in the collaborative production of construction information.
Answer - Sequence of Design and construction in terms of producing construction information
In developing the construction information documents for the concerned residential building in Kowloon, there is equal importance of design of the plan and the construction. There is the relation between design and construction behind the plan of facilities. The design and construction are acted as an integrated system, which are the main pillar behind developing a building; otherwise, the concerned residential building of Kowloon would be failed miserably. In the process of design, it is all about preparing the description of a new facility; create the detailed plan that can represent the requirements and specification. Whereas, the planning of construction is the process, following which the activities are identified, the required resources are prepared to physically build the design in reality (Eastman, 2018). Therefore, it can be said that the construction is the implementation of the design, which is planned by the engineers and architects. In the concerned design and construction of the residential building in Kowloon that has the coordination between the drawing and schedules or the specification. Behind the design and construction, there are several operational tasks that have to be done, which has interrelation among each other. The concerned residential building in Kowloon should be designed and constructed in the custom manner so that it does not take long time to complete.
The sequence of design and construction in the context of developing the residential building has to follow certain things, which are mentioned in the following:
The design and the process of construction of the concerned residential building have to follow the environment and condition of the particular site which is in Kowloon. As the concerned project site is specific, the actions and activities would be influenced by the conditions of nature, social or other location issues, which can be related to the weather, supply of labor, codes of local building etc (Ciribini et al. 2016). The concerned design and construction of the particular residential building of Kowloon can be changed due to the complexity in technology or in according to the market demand.
As an integrated system, both the design and construction planning can work in progress almost continuously by observing different alternatives that are suitable for the viewpoint of the concerned place.
As the service life of the concerned residential building in Kowloon is going to be long, the expectation for the requirements in the future is difficult and challenging.
Comparison the Roles of CAD and BIM
In the following section, the detailed comparisons of the roles of CAD and BIM in the collaborative production of construction project are as follows:
Roles of CAD
CAD stands for computer aided design which plays an important role for creating the geographical representations of various physical objects that are involved with the construction project. In order to enable various kinds of computer aided drafting in the construction process, implementation of CAD is important. There various supplementary information which include dimensions, description of significant components and the errors are identified by CAD. CAD is responsible for reducing the associated risks that are involved with the construction project. It improves the speed of production and the quality of the building in an effective way. The development costs have been reduced by the effective use of CAD. It improves the entire accuracy of the project. CAD plays a vital role for enabling the significant changes in which the considerations of the drawings have been properly identified. It allows the re-use of information and wide range of scales in drawings. The addition of effective information can be done properly by the computer aided design (Ponton et al. 2018).
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Roles of BIM
BIM (Building Information Modeling) is one of the important elements for implementing the constructional project. It has been identified that BIM is one of the effective processes which has been supported by various tools and techniques. Various types of digital data representations can be done effectively by the use of BIM. This software has been currently used by various individuals and civil engineers in the construction project. This software reduces the various risks that are involved with the construction project. In order to maintain the diverse physical infrastructures like electricity, gas, refuse, water in an effective way, implementation of BIM software is necessary. This process supports the virtual information in which the architect can identify various complex structures which are involved with the construction project. One of the vital roles of the construction software is to reduce the chances of information losses. There are 4 types of levels associated with the construction project which can be properly managed by identifying the lifecycle management of the BIM technique. The external environment and construction sequencing have been properly managed by the BIM software (Wang et al. 2018).
Conclusion
After analyzing the above section, it can be concluded that effective use of constructional information plays a vital role for managing the constructional project. The effective description of various types of designing, drawings as per their door or window schedule ensures the constructional project by producing an outline bill of quantities. The above section focusing on various impacts of building clashes and for assessing the significant types of information are related with the construction. The effective relationships of various types of designs are properly monitored by the civil engineer of the construction project. The comparison of the roles of CAD and BIM software are properly illustrated in the above section of the study.
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