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Introduction

The technological development that has taken place across the world, has become the driving factors for several of the business processes. The integration of the information system within the organisations have simplified several of the business processes. There is several information software that are available in the market which are developed such that the business operations can be managed in a better manner. Furthermore, with the development of the technologies and online business sector, there has been an increase in the process of electronic businesses, mobile commerce and electronic commerce that are operation via the online technologies. In addition, the development of the GPS technologies, organisations are able to track every movement of the vehicular operations. In the following discussions, these areas of the technology shall be explored in the form of three cases. The first case is about a discussion on SIMATIC IT Preactor Software. The second discussion is regarding e-commerce, m-commerce and e-businesses. The thirds case is about the new information system that has been integrated into the New York cabs and the opposition to the same by the drivers. 

1. SIMATIC IT Preactor Software

SIMATIC IT Preactor Software is associated with planning and scheduling of products that allows improvement of the synchronisation of the manufacturing processed and offers greater control and visibility. There are various capabilities of benefits of the SIMATIC IT Preactor Software. It improves the order inquiry capabilities to ensuring accurately promising orders. Furthermore, the software enhances the modelling of the additional constraint groups (Seimens, 2016). The SIMATIC IT Preactor Software improves the amalgamation with the SIMATIC IT Unified Architecture Discrete Manufacturing. The software also enhances the incorporation with third party products as well as shift data. SIMATIC IT Preactor Software offers powerful new tools for data visualisation. The software creates various feature-rich dashboards and visual reports. The SIMATIC IT Preactor Software has several features that make it customisable and more effective. The fundamental features of the software include improvements of data filtering and highlighting, functionality of secondary constraint group, external data mapping, enhancements of configuration, inclusion of the latest version of Microsoft Report Viewer 2015, sources of Open data protocol (OData), order inquiry of through Capable-to-promise, and enhanced shift calendar handling and storage (Seimens, 2016). One of the most beneficial features of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software is its ability of encrypting the sensitive data that are held in the SIMATIC IT Preactor database. Furthermore, the encryption can be applied to any data and the primary purpose is allowing the encryption of user credentials that are stored in the system, enable the access to and interfacing with the secure systems. 

There are several success stories associated with the use of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software by its user organisations. In the pages of Preactor (2018) there are listed testimonials of several of the clients of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software. Some of the major clients who are highly satisfied by the use of the software as well as its applications include Solent Moulds, Wall Colmonoy, Sotreq, Ardo, Interface Australia, Armstrong Flooring, NTTF, Silvergate Plastics, EDV Packaging, Acelor Mittal, NPIL Pharmaceuticals, Vector, Willerby Holiday Homes, Procter & Gamble, Foilex, Holland Colours, P P Payne, SAM Mouldings, Tallers Seicon, GRP Structures, Destec, Aquacolor, MIS Engineering, Oberto, Opolgraf, Vesta, Blake, Klabin Industrial Sacks, Mega Embalagens, Armstrong World Industries, Cleaveland/Price, Garware Wall Ropes, Vector, Wall Colmonoy, Highland Spring, DSI Sri Lanka, Plastique Micron, Sklostroj Turnov CZ, TRP, Medbil, Flantech, Cortiaco, Grendene, Global EPP, Model Lighting, Digicon, Teikon, EXAL Corporation, Preformtools, International Greetings, Britanite, IPL, Eurocopter, EXAL, Artis Matriz, Brasfrigo, Flexoprint, Hoerbiger, Samuel Strapping, BINS, Playdale, Plaxmetal, Susin Francescutti, Tabone, Twining, Tex Plastics, Unicasa, Tower Automotive, Vortice, Lectra, Boticario, Furukawa, Aunt Bessie’s. Bluesmart (2019) has mentioned that Takasago, which is from chemical sector, have been successfully utilising the benefits of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software as it optimises the lead time and enhances the delivery times at the organisation. SNic Solutions (2018) have listed the success stories of Pradip Polyfils Pvt. Ltd. (PPPL), Narayan Powertech, and Elmwood Reclaimed Timber, who have been successfully utilising the features and benefits of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software. 

Although SIMATIC IT Preactor Software has been beneficial and useful in several aspects, there are certain other competitors that have been developing and producing products and services similar to that of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software. Some of the leading competitors or alternatives of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software include FREPPLE, Ecount ERP, CentralBOS, Paragon ERP, NetSuite, ERP MARK 7, Apprise ERP, VISCO, Agility, Enterprise 21 ERP Package, Epicor ERP, Access SupplyChain ERP, Visual EstiTrack, E2 Shop System, ProShop, MIE Trak Pro, VISIBILITY.net, Ramco ERP, RSA eBusiness Solutions, ChainReaction, Pentagon 2000SQL, Infor CloudSuite Business, SYSPRO ERP, Planvisage, SCM, ProfitKey ERP, GLOVIA G2, eValueMax v10.0, kintone, Envision, Frontier, Turnsmith, SCP, Colibri, ViZix, VizTrack, PLTX Suite, PackManager CoPacking Software, Profit Tool, LOG-NET System, iM3 Supply Chain Suite, LINKFRESH, VISUAL ERP, Halo, Statii, ERP-ONE, SX Enterprise, ERP123, PolyPM, Jesta Vision Suite, RazorERP, and Cetec ERP (Source Forge, 2019; Alternative To, 2019). Although these softwares act as an alternative to SIMATIC IT Preactor Software, however, SIMATIC IT Preactor Software is a dynamic software and none of the alternatives that have been mentioned can par with the SIMATIC IT Preactor Software.

2. E-commerce, M-commerce and E-business

E-Commerce: E-Commerce, also known as Electronic Commerce, is an advanced technology associated with commerce and computer. E-commerce is the process of conducting financial transactions of any business, over the internet (Huang, and Benyoucef, 2013). Overall, it can be stated that e-commerce is the process of purchasing and selling the products via the electronics means and internet. E-commerce offers the entrepreneurs and businesses the opportunities of global reach, cost efficiency, automated inventory management, niche market dominance, and the stores are always open without any operations (Niranjanamurthy, et al., 2013). 

M-Commerce: M-commerce, also known as mobile commerce, is the purchase and sales of products and services via the wireless handheld devices such as cellular phones and personal digital assistants (PDAs). M-commerce is also known as the next generation e-commerce as it allows the users to access the internet without the requirement of finding a place for plug in (Sadi, and Noordin, 2011). the emerging technology behind m-commerce is based on the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP). The industries that are directly associated with the m-commerce include the financial services such as mobile banking and brokerage services, telecommunication services such as bill payments and account reviews, retail and services and other information services (Niranjanamurthy, et al., 2013). 

E-Business: E-businesses include all the businesses that are conducted via the online mode. E-business cannot be considered as the synonym for e-commerce, as e-commerce is limited to purchase and sales online. E-business is associated with email marketing, with online system that tracks the inventory with content management system, and online tools for human resource management (Combe, 2012).  

2.1 Using E-Business Model to Gain Competitive Advantage Over Traditional Business

The integration of the e-business model into the traditional businesses allows the organisations to gain several competitive advantages, over the fundamental traditional businesses. The first and foremost advantage is the resource-based approach for competitive advantage. This allows the organisations to identify those resources and capabilities that would enable them to develop strong competitive advantage and aid in exploiting those capabilities or resources (Pilinkiene, Kurschus and Auskalnyte, 2013). The other competitive advantage that the businesses derive from an e-business model is known as M. Porter’s approach to competitive advantage. As per this approach, the organisation is required to stress on the activities of the firm, based on the structure of the industry. As mentioned in Pilinkiene, Kurschus and Auskalnyte (2013) M. Porter had suggested that the competitive advantage can be considered as the function of the attractiveness of the industry and competitive position of the company in the market. The other competitive advantages that a business can gain from the implementation of e-business model include the inter and intra-organisational linkages (Troshani and Rao, 2007). It has also been identified that integration of e-business models provides the organisation with agility, improved corporate culture, intellectual resources, management commitment and support, and standardisation and collaborated benefits. 

2.2 Implementing E-Business Model by Traditional Businesses While Maintaining the Traditional Status

An organisation can adopt the e-business model while maintaining their traditional status by integrating the model in such manner that it is able to manage the business via both online and traditional method. There are certain stages of approach with respect to e-business migration and the organisation is required to maintain the same for successful integration of the e-business model with the traditional functions. The initial stage is the technology driven process approach, in which the technology makes it possible to gain advantage with respect to the business (Krell and Gale, 2005). The next stage is the legacy limited process approach in which the e-business is required to explore the various the existing aspects of the firm and thereby adopt the technology required for conducting the electronic business. The third stage is the internet strategies and process approach, in which the e-business is required to expand beyond the business processes, based on the previous experiences that have been identified through second stage. Following these stages would allow a traditional business to adopt the e-business model, while maintaining their traditional status. 

2.3 Converting Traditional Businesses to E-Businesses

Converting the traditional businesses completely into e-businesses required undergoing several processes and making many decisions that would directly impact the transformation process. The first step associated with the conversion of the traditional business into e-business include documenting all the operations of the company in details. This is because the e-business procedures are to be based on the existing methods and adapted with the same, as and when required. It is important to plan every step of the process and ensure that the e-business is automated (Gloor, 2012). The next step of the transformation includes development of a corporate website that would be used for conducting the business. The website should be well-designed, attractive and easy to navigate. The pages should load quickly with less delay and all the important details must be provided along with the products or services. The next step is advertisement of the e-business on all channels, using the online as well as offline media. It is important to raise a recognition of the e-business so as to gain a larger consumer base (McElheran, 2015). Furthermore, there should also be the provision for feedbacks that would allow the consumers to provide their feedbacks and link the same to the different online channels and social media platforms, as these further increases the identity and recognition of the brand and company. 

2.4 Advantages of E-Businesses for Customers of Traditional Businesses

The transformation of the traditional businesses into e-business can be highly beneficial for the consumers as well. With the help of the e-business platform, the consumers shall be able to make their purchase as per their convenience, as and when required and from anywhere of their choice, without having to visit the traditional stores (Voola, et al., 2012). The other advantage that the consumers gain from the e-businesses is that it becomes easier for them to locate products quicker without the hassle of visiting different shelves or aisles or asking assistance from store person. The customers are able to navigate through the website and browse the product of their requirement. The e-business would also save their travel time and expenses as the customers are able to visit the e-business website from the place of their convenience to make their purchase (Lucia-Palacios, et al., 2014). Therefore, it can be stated that the transformation of the traditional businesses into e-businesses is highly beneficial for the customers. 

3. Case Study: New York City Cabbies

a) What were the concerns of the New York City cabbies over the new use of the new system? Were their concerns justified and why or why not?

The cab drivers of New York City were concerned about the repercussions that the GPS system might bring for them. Most of the cabbies did not agree to the newly introduced changes, mostly because over 85 percent of them were independent contractors, and thus owned the cabs and often used it for their personal use after working hours. The use of GPS technology would thus lead to the tracking of their movements all day and night, which was undesirable to them for obvious reasons. Moreover, they needed to pay over a thousand dollars to install the system and would have to bear a 5 percent fee for every cashless transaction with the customers. The discontent arose mostly because they had not been involved in the decision-making process and the mandate had just been imposed on them without prior warning.

Their concerns, to a certain extent, are unjustified. This is because the GPS technology brings a host of benefits with it for both the drivers and their customers. As mentioned in the case study, there are thousands of cab drivers in New York City, which makes it virtually impossible to track every cab manually. Also, it cannot be ruled out that all cabs are safe, as it is very easy for one to be highjacked. The presence of a GPS tracking system will see to it that mishaps of this demeanour do not occur, and should they do happen, effective action can be taken by the cops to ensure the safety of the passengers. The benefits do not stop there – can drivers can also enjoy massive advantages. For instance, as stated by the US Fleet Tracking (2016), the cab company can be kept in the loop of where the vehicles are going, and in case any miscreant boards the cab and tries to create trouble, they will be tracked without any issues. Moreover, most GPS trackers are equipped with panic alert systems, which will further help them seek appropriate assistance in case such a situation arises.

b) If you were the manager of the New York City’s Taxi & Limousine Commission, what would you have done to create a smoother transition to the new system?

As a manager of the New York City’s Taxi & Limousine Commission, there are several things that could have been done to ensure that the transition to the system was a smoother one. For instance, involving the drivers, or at least a panel of representatives on their behalf, would have been a good place to start. As is evident from the information provided in the case study, much of the resentment on their part was due to the fact that they had not been consulted before finalizing the incorporation of the new information systems into the cab network. Thus, this step could have helped prevent the formation of ill-feelings to a considerable extent.

Another issue that can be neutralized is that of the significantly large sum of money that the drivers have to invest to procure the GPS systems. Most cab drivers do not have a thousand dollars to spare, and thus a minimal amount from the Commission to help them get started with the transition would definitely be a welcome move.

c) Many cabbies expressed the opinion that the technology being installed in their cabs was inevitable, no matter what their opinion. Do you agree with this assessment? Why or why not?

Yes, the opinion that the installation of the technology in their cabs was inevitable is quite true. This can be attributed to the fact that the expenses required have been justified against the marked increase in cab fares in the past two years, which had been imposed with the promise that the customers would be provided a better-quality service and experience in the vehicles. Moreover, the present world is such that it demands more from businesses, constantly pressurizing them to implement newer technologies and use the smartest information systems. New York City is no exception, and the availability of such a beneficial system might just lure more youngsters to come and settle in the city, which would ultimately help contribute to its economy. The new improved system will not only help the passengers but also the drivers by saving time and energy.

d) As a customer of a cab service, would you appreciate the benefits provided by the new system in New York City? Would it help you with a favourable view of the city in general? List the benefits and provide your view of each.

A customer of the New York City cab service would definitely appreciate the benefits provided by the new system in the city. It would be favourable as the new information systems would:

• Help monitor each vehicle with the help of GPS technology, thereby improving the safety of the transport system, which would indirectly aid in the formation of a positive image of the city in general

• Provide music and other forms of on-demand entertainment to the customers. This will help them get the best possible experience as such initiatives are bound to make them happy with the services

• Enable them to make payments using their credit card. Many customers are often stranded in unforeseen situations as they do not have the means to make cash payments to their cab drivers. This initiative will eliminate the need to carry significant amounts of cash every time when leaving home and will also help them avail the cab services in cases of emergency.

Conclusion

The different discussions that have been presented on the different kinds of information systems elucidates the extent to which the technology has evolved. In addition, the significance of SIMATIC IT Preactor Software amongst organisations, the evolution of e-commerce, m-commerce and e-businesses and information systems in New York cabs have provided effective information on the technological developments in the business realms.

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