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BSBFIM801 Manage Financial Resources Assignment - ECA Graduate Institute

Q1: Explain the matching principle with example.

Solution: The matching principle states that any revenue and the expense which has been incurred for generating the revenue should be reported in the same accounting period.

Example: 10% commission given to the employee next month for the sales generated by it in the current month. The commission amount will be charged to current month profit and loss. The following entry will be passed.

Commission expense amount DR

To Commission payables

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Q2: Identify the debit and credit entries in the following transactions.

Solution:

 

 Particular

Debit

 Credit

a)     

Machinery Account    ...... Dr

    To A   Account

8000

 

8000

b)     

Purchase Account ....... Dr

    To B account

500

 

5000

c)     

C Account ........ Dr

     To Sales Account

1200

 

1200

d)     

D Account .........Dr

   To Cash Account

300

 

300

e)     

Cash Account .........Dr

    To E Account

180

 

180

f)      

Wages Account .........Dr

  To Cash Account

4000

 

4000

g)     

Rent Account .........Dr

  To G Account

700

 

700

h)     

G Account .........Dr

   To Cash Account

700

 

700

i)       

Insurance Premium Account ...............Dr

     To Cash Account

90

 

90

j)       

H Account .............Dr

  To Purchase Return Account

450

 

450

k)     

Sales Return Account ...........Dr

   To I Account 

200

 

200

Q3: Explain your understanding of translation risk and transaction risk.

Solution: The translation risk is the risk that the value of the assets and income of the company will decrease due to change in the exchange rate in the market in which it operates (Investopedia.com, 2019). Transaction risk is the risk that the company will incur a loss due to the exchange rate change due to dealing in multiple currencies in its financial transaction. The difference between the translation risk and transaction risk is that translation risk affects the value of assets and income in the financial statement when it is translated from foreign curries. On the other hand, the transaction risk happened due to receiving a lesser amount in a transaction than expected due to changes in the exchange rate.

Q4: a) An Australian exporter receives a payment from a Danish Customer of 150,000Kroner.

Solution:

In this above case, the Australian exporter will receive
= 150000/9.434
= $15899.9364.

b) An Australian importer buys goods from a Japanese supplier and pays 1 million Yen.

In the above case, the Australian importer will pay
= 1000000/ 203.650
= $4910.3854.

Q5: Define the cost of capital in your own words.

Solution: The cost of capital from the company's point of view is the cost that the business has to incur for procurement of fund for the different activities of the business. From the investor point of view, it is the rate of return that the investors expect from the business for investing its fund in the business.

Q6: What is the risk-free of return?

Solution: The risk-free rate of return means the rate of return that an investor can get from investing a fund in the market, which has zero investment risk in it. Usually, the government bonds are considered to give risk-free of return to the investors in a market and considered to a completely safe investment option (Waingankar, 2019).

Q7: Explain the concept of premium for business risk in 50- 100 words.

Solution: The concept of premium for the business risk means the rate of return that the investors expect from dealing with the uncertainty in the future cash flow or income of the business. The higher uncertainty in the business future cash flow increases the expected rate of return of the investors from the future operations of the business for taking that risk (Investopedia.com, 2019).

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Q8: Explain the concept of premium for financial risk in 50-100 words.

Solution: The concept of premium for the financial risk means the rate of return that the investors expect from the business from taking the risk that the business may not be able to fulfil its financial obligation toward it. The higher uncertainty or chances of the investor not getting its financial return from the business leads to higher expected premium or rate of return of the investors from the business.

Q9: Explain the relation of cost of capital and risk in 50-100words.

Solution: The cost of capital and risk has a direct relationship as the cost of capital which is expected or required rate of return of the investors' increases when there is high risk or uncertainty in the investment in which the fund has been invested in. Similarly, the low risk leads to low required or expected rate of return.

Q10: Identify any four (4) internal and external factors that affect the working capital management of a company.

Solution: The two internal factors of a company which affect the working capital management of a company are company size and growth rate, and organisational structure. The two external factors that affect the working capital are the level of competition in the market and the interest rate of borrowing.

Q11: Explain the purpose of capital structure analysis in 50-100 words.

Solution: The purpose of capital structure analysis is to analyse the debt and equity components of the business to evaluate how different decision of the business will affect these components of the business capital structure and affect the financial sustainability of the business. Some of the decisions which lead to the capital structure analysis are funding of capital expenditure of the business, funding of acquisition and many more decisions like these.

Q12: Define market capitalisation, net asset method of share valuation and income-based valuation bases.

Solution: Market capitalisation is the valuation of the company in the market based on the company share price and the number of shares of the company in the market. It is calculated by multiplying the current share price of the company with the number of shares of the company.

Net Asset method of share valuation is the valuation of the company in the market by the net assets of the company meaning the value of assets of the business after deducting the total liabilities of the business from it.

Income-based valuation bases is the valuation of the company based on the future cash flow of the business. There are mainly two methods which use the future cash flow as a valuation basis, which are DCF and cash flow method.

Q13: Calculation of the market value of bonds.

Solution:

Computation of market value of Bond

Particular

Amount ($)

coupon rate

12%

Cost of debt

8%

par value

100000

Redemption avlue

110000

Maket value of bond

 $              4,297,771

Q14: What differences would be there in the working capital policies of a manufacturing company and a food retailer.

Solution: The differences in the working capital policies of a manufacturing company and a good retailer would be that a manufacturing company's one of the main allocation of working capital will be an investment in the machinery and equipment of the business and its maintenance. On the other hand, a food retailer will be invested its working capital mainly on the inventory of the business. Another difference is that the level of receivables of a manufacturing company is much higher than a food retailer.

Q15: Explain the concept of overtrading and its symptoms.

Solution: The overtrading means when the business in undertaking more business activities and tries to expand the business size without having proper financial resources especially the working capital for the expansion and this lead to a decrease in the financial sustainability of the business. The overtrading can be bad for the business even when the company is earning profit from engaging in it as the overtrading means the company is not prepared for the expansion.

Some of the symptoms of overtrading will be discussed in this section. The first symptom of overtrading is low gross profit and operating profit of the business, even when the revenue growth of the business is high. The second symptom of the overtrading is increasing inefficiency in the debtors and creditors management of the business. This is due to the increase in credit sales of the business will increase, and also payment to the supplier takes a higher number of days on average (Tutor2u, 2019).

The third symptom is the high increase in the finance cost of the business as the company has to take a loan from outside to procure fund for the increased activities of the business. The fourth symptom is the increase in the current liabilities of the business as the company needs to procure fund for the increase in the working capital requirements of the business. The fifth symptom is the increase in the inventory turnover ratio as the day to convert the inventory to the sales of the business will increase. All these are some of the symptoms of the overtrading in a business.

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Project Task 2

Part A

Solution:

Introduction

In this report, the benefits of the treasury centralisation for BHP limited will be stated. Also, the different ways by which the BHP management plans to address the problems which will be created in the company subsidiaries due to treasury centralisation. In the end, a summary of all the points discussed in the report will be given.

The potential benefits of treasury centralisation for BHP limited

The potential benefits of treasury centralisation BHP limited are stated below.
• Better control over the company' financial management - One of the main benefit of the treasury centralisation is BHP will have better control over its overall fund, and this will lead to better monitoring and decision-making process related to the financial resources of the business.
• Better allocation of the fund- As the company will have access to its overall fund in one place. Therefore, it can distribute the fund according to the needs of the different subsidiaries of the business, and this will lower the loans taken by the subsidiaries (Corporate Finance Institute, 2019).
• Streamline Cash flow - Another benefit of the treasury centralisation for BHP limited is that it can streamline the cash flow of the business and quicken the different working capital processes of the business (Opuscapita, 2019).
• Better bargaining power - BHP can increase its bargaining power against the banking and other financial institution as the company will operate one source to procure fund for the different subsidiaries of the business.

The ways by which the company proposes to minimise any potential problems for the company subsidiaries that might arise due to treasury centralisation

The first problem which can be faced by the business is higher processing time for procurement of fund by the company subsidiaries. This issue is planned to be removed by the management of BHP by closely monitoring the financial requirements of the business and giving appropriate fund to each subsidiary for fulfilling its different financial obligation in the market in advance and taking feedback from each subsidiary about the budget provided to them. Also, it will give additional fund to them, if it is assessed that the company subsidiaries will reasonably need more fund. The second issue is how to any obligation which has to fulfil by the subsidiary in an emergency. This issue is planned to be solved by the business by setting a reserve to each subsidiary for any contingent cost of the business and the report of how the reserve fund has been used. All these above stated are the ways by which the company plans to solve the company subsidiaries issue which may occur due to centralisation of the treasury.

Conclusion
In this report, it can be seen that the centralisation of the treasury had different potential benefits for BHP Limited. Some of these potential benefits are better control of the financial resources, better bargaining power against financial institutions and many more benefits like these. It is also estimated that company's subsidiaries can face some issues due to centralisation of the treasury of the business and for removing those issue, some steps have been planned by the business which also had been stated in the report.

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Part B

a) Evaluation of the financial state and performance of Toyota by comparing it with that of its industry sectors

Solution:

Comparison of Toyota and its automobile industry average performance

Ratio Name

Toyota

Industry

 

 

 

Return before  interest and tax on the long term capital employed

24%

34%

Return after tax on equity

16%

25%

Operating profit as a percentage of sales

11%

13%

Current Ratio

1.6:1

1.1: 1

Quick Ratio

1.0:1

0.6:1

Total debt: Equity ( gearing)

24%

90%

Dividend cover

4

10.3

Interest cover

4.5

3.8

Price/ earnings ratio

10

-

Evaluation analysis

The above financial ratio shows that profitability of the company is much higher than its competitors in the market, and this shows that the financial performance of the company is much superior to its competitors. On the other hand, the liquidity of the business or current asset proportion has to be improved as the current ratio, and quick ratio show that the short term financial capabilities of the business is lower than its competitors.

The gearing ratio shows Toyota is highly financed by debt and its debt proportion in capital structure is much higher than its competitors. This is bad sign for the financial state of the business as the fixed financial obligations of the business increases due to this high debt proportion in the business. It can also be seen in the interest cover ratio of the business which is lower than the industry average. This shows that the company has a lesser proportion of profit available to fulfil its financial obligations. Therefore, it can be stated that the financial performance of Toyota is superior, but its financial state is doubtful due to different factors like liquidity or high debt proportion in the business.

b) Discuss the possible reasons why the management is considering a stock exchange listing.

Solution: The possible reasons for the management considering a stock exchange listing are being stated in the below section.
• Repayment of existing debts - One of the reasons can be repayment of the existing loans debts of the business, including debenture as the debt proportion of the business is quite high. This will also lower the interest expenses of the business.
• Procurement of fund for its investment project - Another reason can be the procurement of fund for future investment project of the business.

c) Discuss the changes in financial policy which the company would be advised to adopt once it has been floated in the stock exchange.

Solution: Some of the change in financial policy which the company would be advised to adopt once it has been floated in the stock exchange are stated below.
• Financial reporting compliance - The first change will be the financial statement of the company should be made according to different rules and regulation of AASB. It should be also be published half-yearly and annually.
• Dividend policy - The second change is the formulation of dividend policies of the business how the dividend payment decision will be made by the business.
• Disclosures - The third change is that full disclosures of all financial material information should be provided in the annual report of the business.

Part C

The flexible Budget calculation for estimation of the profitability of Darcy in the month of May

Particulars

Budgeted ($)

Flexible Budget ($)

Actual ($)

Variance ($)

 

 

 

 

 

Production and Sales of Darcy ( units)

7500

8200

8200

 

Sales Revenue

75000

82000

81000

-1000 (A)

Direct Materials

22500

24600

23500

-1100 (F)

Direct Labour

15000

16400

15500

-900 (F)

Production Overhead

22500

25000

22800

-2200 (F)

Administrative Overhead

10000

10000

11000

1000 (A)

 

70000

76000

72800

-3200 (F)

Profit

5000

6000

8200

2200 (F)

a) Were the actual costs higher than they should have been to produce and sell 8200 Darcy's?

Solution: No, the actual cost of producing Darcy's is lower in the overall situation than the total budget calculated of the business in the flexible budget of the business. Although, there is one cost in the business which has incurred more than budgeted for in the flexible budget and that cost is the administrative cost of the business. The administrative cost is assessed to be fixed cost which means it should remain same for the company producing 8200 units and selling it but in actual cost show that the administrative cost of the business increased with the increase in the production and sales of the business and it has an adverse variance of $1000.
All other costs of the business is giving favourable variances, and this means the actual cost is lower than the budgeted cost in the flexible budget. The first such cost is direct material which is incurred less than budgeted cost by $1100. The second such cost is direct labour, and it also has a positive variance of $900. The third such cost is production overhead which has given a positive variance of $2200. Therefore, in the overall situation, the actual cost is lower than they should have been to produce and sell 8200 Darcy's in month of May.

Was the actual revenue satisfactory from the 8200 Darcy's?

Solution: The actual revenue from the sale of 8200 Darcy's is not satisfactory if only the budgeted revenue from sales of 8200 units of Darcy's in the flexible budget of the company is taken into account. This assessment is done as the budgeted revenue of the business in the flexible budget is $82000, but the actual revenue from the sales of 8200 units of Darcy's is $81000. Therefore, the revenue from the sales of Darcy's has given a negative variance of $1000 in the month of May.

Although, the revenue of the business is quite adequate for achievement of the budgeted profit of the business which is $6000, but the actual profit from the sales of 8200 units of Darcy's is $8200. Therefore, the profit of the business is giving a positive variance of $2200. Therefore, the actual revenue of the business is not satisfactory from the sales of 8200 units of Darcy's but the profit generated from it is higher than estimated.

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Project Task 3

Part A

Analysis of the proposed tunnel project with assumptions

Solution:

NPV of the proposed  tunnel project


Year

Nominal Cash flow

Real rate or discount rate

Discounted  Cashflow

Cumulative discounted cash flow

 

 

Amount ($Millions)

Amount ($Millions)

Amount ($Millions)

Amount ($Millions)

1

2010

-450

4%

-432.69

-432.69

2

2011

-500

4%

-462.28

-894.97

3

2012

-550

4%

-488.95

-1383.92

4

2013

-650

4%

-555.62

-1939.54

5

2014

-200

4%

-164.39

-2103.93

6

2015

200

4%

158.06

-1945.86

7

2016

300

4%

227.98

-1717.89

8

2017

320

4%

233.82

-1484.07

9

2018

340

4%

238.88

-1245.19

10

2019

360

4%

243.20

-1001.98

11

2020

400

4%

259.83

-742.15

12

2021

400

4%

249.84

-492.31

 

Net Present Value of the project

-492.31

The minimum required return is ( discounted cash flow)

305.50

Assumptions

• The first assumption is that the real risk-free rate of 4% has been taken as the discount rate for the NPV calculation of the tunnel project.
• The required rate of return is calculated to be 13% which has been taken after adding the nominal risk-free rate of return of 6% and the market risk premium of 7%.
• The formula used to calculate discounted cash flow is
=cash flow of a year/ (1+ discount rate) ^number of year in the project
• The minimum required return is calculated by adding all cash outflows and multiplying by 13%, which is assessed as the required rate of return of this project. This is assumed that the cumulative discounted cash flow of the project should be at least the calculated amount to be an acceptable investment project.

Advice
John Hollard should not invest in the share of Infra Structure Victoria as the Net present value of the tunnel project of the company is in negative, and the project is nowhere near expected to give minimum required return to its investors.

Part B

Introduction

In this report, it will be estimated whether the shareholder's wealth maximisation should be the only objective of BHP limited or the business should consider other alternative objectives suggested by the MD.

Evaluation of the arguments that shareholders' wealth maximisation should be the only true objectives of the company

Solution: There are many points which stated that shareholders' wealth maximisation should be the true objectives of the company, but there are some points which indicate that the decision to make shareholders' wealth maximisation is not good for the long term sustainability of the business. The first point which in favour of shareholders' wealth maximisation as a goal is that shareholders are the true owners of the business and the business is operated to give return to its owners. The second point is that wealth maximisation will lead to better performance of the share of the company in the market.
On the other hand, there are many points which indicate that the shareholders' wealth maximisation as an only goal is not good for the sustainability of the business. The first point is in the current competitive market, the company sometime has to lower its profit margin to retain customers, but if the shareholders' wealth maximisation is the only objective of the business, then it will not happen, and the business will lose its customer and become financially unsustainable in the long run.

The second point is that ignoring the needs of suppliers and employees lead to the company to get less outputs from them which lead to lower productivity of the business which again lower the sustainability of the business. Therefore, it can be assessed that if BHP limited formulates shareholders' wealth maximisation as the only true objectives of the company, then it will lead to high market performance in short-run and will make the sustainability of the business less in the long run.

Advantages and disadvantages of the alternatives goals suggested by the MD

Advantages
• The first advantage is that it will better the fund management of BHP.
• The second advantage is adequate risk premium will be provided to the shareholders of the business.
• The third advantage is the better net income of BHP.
• The fourth advantage is better management of different stakeholders of the business, which will lead to a better image of BHP in the market.

Disadvantages
• Some of the alternative goals suggested by the MD conflict with each other like the company may not be able to give risk-adjusted return to the shareholders after improving condition of its different stakeholders as it will increase the cost of the business.
• Cash flow generation may lead to shortening the vision of the management to short term cash flow generation maximization.

Conclusion
In this report, it can be seen that Wealth maximisation should not be chosen as the only goal of the business as it decreases the long term sustainability of the business. It is also assessed that alternative objectives suggested by MD have many merits, but there are some issues in the alternative objectives which should be addressed by BHP before implementing the alternative objectives in the business.

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Part C

Introduction
In this report, the financial condition of Midal Water's two subsidiary companies called Sydney water services and Melbourne water services will be assessed. The competence of the enterprise activity manager to make the financial decisions of the company will be assessed. Also, the different consequences of having one management information system for the two subsidiaries will be identified.

The profitability of the two subsidiaries

The profit margin of the two subsidiaries


Sydney Water Services

Melbourne Water Services

 

2020

2019

2020

2019

Profit Margin

29%

40%

5%

40%

The profitability of the two subsidiaries is highly volatile in the two assessed years especially of Melbourne water service, and this is not good sign for the sustainability of the business. Also, Melbourne Water services need to better its profitability as it can be seen that the profitability of the company decreased by 35% in 2020 from its previous year and is only 5% in 2020. On the other hand, although the profit margin of Sydney Water services is adequate in two years, the fluctuation is also there in this subsidiary company's profitability.

The competence of the enterprise Activity manager to make financial decisions

The competence of the enterprise manager to make financial decisions has been assessed as inadequate due to two financial decisions taken by the enterprise activity manager. The first financial decision which is making the competence of the enterprise manager doubtful is the allocation of the fixed cost by 150% without analysing the cost behaviour of business for a service contract of different sizes. The second financial decision is not taking into account how much direct labour needed by a service contract to produce a unit of profit of the business as the labour shortage is there in the market. Therefore, existing labour should be used in a more efficient way. The enterprise activity manager not taking these factors show that he is not his competence is not adequate for the business.

The consequences of the two companies having the same management information system

There are some positive consequences of having the same management information system for the two subsidiary companies. The first positive consequence is healthy competition between two companies from the different management information available to the management of one company of another. The second positive consequence is a better assessment of its performance by comparing with the other company performance information. The third positive consequence is the lower overall cost for management information management.

There are many negative consequences of having same management information system for the two companies. The first negative consequence is the decrease in data security as the information of one company can be stolen or misused by another company. The second consequence is the miscommunication of information due to two companies having the same management information system. The third negative consequence is information system failure due to having two company data in one system. All these above stated are the consequences of the two companies having the same management information system.

Conclusion

The profitability of the two subsidiary companies found to be highly volatile. The competence of the enterprise activity manager is found to be inadequate. It is also assessed that there are many negative and positive consequences of having the same management information system for the two companies.

Part D

Role Play

Financial Officer: Hi! How are you?
Learner as profit center manager: I am fine sir. How are you? I heard you are asking for me, is there any specific reason for the enquiry?
Financial Officer: I am fine, and I was asking for you to ask for your advice on some matter which I think you can help me with.
Learner as profit center manager: Please ask sir, I will be happy to assist.
Financial Officer: okay, the first matter is that do you have any particular suggestion how can I better our profitability and achieve our financial target.
Learner as profit center manager: There are two major steps which the company can partake to achieve the financial target, and some of these steps will suggest to you. The first steps is better pricing of the service products of the business as the current allocation pricing strategy seem to not taking into account the targeted customer segment characteristic. The second step will be better allocation to the different service contract will lead to better decision-making process of the business. This better decision-making process will lead to better chances of achieving the financial target of the business. These are two steps that should be taken by the business. Any other matters that you like to discuss now.
Financial Officer: Yes, can review the policy of the business to procure fund by equity component and the benefit of this policy.
Learner as profit center manager: Yes, there are many benefits of the company policy to procure fund by equity. The first benefit is that the company does not have to pay any interest for the procurement of fund by the equity. The second benefit is the company will not incur any fixed financial obligation for procurement of fund by equity. Although, the capital structure of the business should also be assessed before making any final decision about how to procure fund as the equity component and debt component should be in a balanced way to have a good cost of capital of the business.
Financial Officer: Okay, do you have any advice regarding the fund procurement policy of Midel Waters.
Learner as profit center manager: Yes, before taking any final decision to analyse your capital structure and compare it with industry average gearing ratio if debt component is higher in the company than in industry average, then equity component should be used to procure fund. If the equity component is higher than industry average, then debt component should be used to procure fund. Also, the long term implication of the procurement policies should be taken into account.
Financial Officer: Thank you for your assistance. That will be all matters I had to discuss with you for now.
Learner as profit center manager: Happy to help you, sir. May I leave now?
Financial Officer: Okay, you may leave. Goodbye
Learner as profit center manager: Goodbye.

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